Effects of different time point rolling massager on inflammation in rabbits with skeletal muscle injury / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To observe the effects of rolling method massager on local tissue morphology, tissue and serum TNF-α and IL-1β in rabbits with skeletal muscle injury at different time points; To investigate the mechanism of temporal effect of rolling method action on skeletal muscle injury.Methods:Totally 72 New Zealand rabbits were divided into blank group, model group and rolling method treatment group according to random number table method, with 24 rabbits in each group. Rabbits in each group were divided into 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 9 d and 11 d subgroups according to the time point of injury, with 4 rabbits in each group. Blunt contusion was used to model the model group and the rolling method treatment group. Each subgroup of the rolling method treatment group was subjected to rolling method intervention for 3 d, using a homemade rolling method massager, 2 times/d, 3 min/time. At 24 h after the completion of the intervention, the histomorphological changes were observed by HE staining, and the TNF-α and IL-1β contents in serum and damaged skeletal muscle tissues were detected by ELISA.Results:Compared with the blank group, the inflammatory cell infiltration in the model group was obvious, edema was severe, and myofibers were broken; the inflammatory cell infiltration in the 1 d rolling method treatment group was intensified, myocytes were apoptotic, and myofibers were broken and necrosed more seriously; the inflammation in the 7 d rolling method treatment group was obviously improved with the best effect, and the difference with normal healthy muscle tissue was smaller. After modeling, TNF-α and IL-1β levels in skeletal muscle tissues and serum TNF-α levels were higher in the 3 d model group than in the 1 d model group ( P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, TNF-α and IL-1β levels in skeletal muscle tissues and serum increased in each subgroup of the model group and each subgroup of the rolling method treatment group ( P<0.01); Compared with the 1 d model group, TNF-α and IL-1β levels in skeletal muscle tissues and serum TNF-α levels increased in the 1 d rolling method treatment group. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 9 d and 11 d rolling method treatment group were lower than those in the model group subgroup ( P<0.05). TNF-α and IL-1β levels in skeletal muscle tissues and serum TNF-α levels were higher in the 1 d, 3 d and 5 d rolling method treatment group than in the 7 d rolling method treatment group ( P<0.05). TNF-α levels in skeletal muscle tissues were higher in the 1 d and 3 d rolling method treatment group than in the 7 d rolling method treatment group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The inflammatory factors in the rolling treated group were significantly higher at 1 d after skeletal muscle injury, indicating that treatment with the rolling method was inappropriate at this time; seven days after injury, the application of rolling method can reduce the inflammatory effect, accelerate the repair of skeletal muscle, and improve the quality of functional recovery.

Effects of nitric oxide on C2C12 cell inflammatory responses and notexin-induced muscle injury / Efectos del óxido nítrico en las respuestas inflamatorias de las células C2C12 y la lesión muscular inducida por notexina

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscle injury is an acute inflammatory condition caused by an inflammatory response. To reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and relieve skeletal muscle injury, efficient treatment is urgently needed. Nitric oxide is a free radical molecule reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we showed that NO could inhibit the inflammatory response of C2C12 cells in vitro and protect rat skeletal muscle injury from notexin in vivo. NO synthase inhibitor (L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Este?L-NAME) and NO donor (sodium nitroprusside dehydrate ?SNP) were used to explore the vital role of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in LPS-stimulated C2C12 myoblasts.The expression of IL-18 and IL-1b was upregulated by L-NAME and downregulated by SNP, as indicated by the ELISA results. NO can reduce ASC, Caspase-1, and NLRP3 mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, NO was detected in the rat model. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the production of DMD decreased. We conducted qRT-PCR and western blotting to detect the expression of Jo-1, Mi-2, TLR2, and TLR4 on day 6 post injury following treatment with L-NAME and SNP. The expression of Jo-1, Mi-2, TLR2, and TLR4 was upregulated by L-NAME and significantly reversed by SNP. NO can alleviate C2C12 cell inflammatory responses and protect rat skeletal muscle injury from notexin.

RESUMEN: La lesión del músculo esquelético es una afección inflamatoria aguda causada por una respuesta inflamatoria. Para reducir la infiltración de células inflamatorias y aliviar la lesión del músculo esquelético es necesario un tratamiento eficaz. El óxido nítrico es una molécula de radicales libres que tiene efectos antiinflamatorios. En este estudio, demostramos que el ON podría inhibir la respuesta inflamatoria de las células C2C12 in vitro y proteger la lesión del músculo esquelético de rata de la notexina in vivo. El inhibidor de ON sintasa (L-NG-nitroarginina metil este, L-NAME) y el donante de ON (nitroprusiato de sodio deshidratado, SNP) se utilizaron para explorar el papel vital de los lipopolisacáridos (LPS) en los mioblastos C2C12 estimulados por LPS. La expresión de IL- 18 e IL-1b fue regulada positivamente por L-NAME y regulada negativamente por SNP, como indican los resultados de ELISA. El ON puede reducir los niveles de proteína y ARNm de ASC, Caspasa-1 y NLRP3. Además, se detectó ON en el modelo de rata. Los resultados de la tinción inmunohistoquímica mostraron que disminuyó la producción de DMD. Realizamos qRT-PCR y transferencia Western para detectar la expresión de Jo-1, Mi-2, TLR2 y TLR4 el día 6 después de la lesión después del tratamiento con L-NAME y SNP. La expresión de Jo-1, Mi-2, TLR2 y TLR4 fue regulada positivamente por L- NAME y significativamente revertida por SNP. El ON puede aliviar las respuestas inflamatorias de las células C2C12 en ratas, y proteger la lesión del músculo esquelético de la notexina.

Extracorporeal shock waves promote the repair of injured muscle tissue by regulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and phosphorylated protein kinase B levels / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To determine whether or not shock wave therapy promotes the repair of muscle injury by regulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and/or the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (p-Akt).Methods:Sixty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and a treatment group. A custom-made striker was used to induce blunt contusion in the gastrocnemius muscles of the rats of the model and treatment groups. The normal and model groups were then not given any therapeutic intervention. Twenty-four hours later, the treatment group underwent 500-impulse shockwave treatment at 0.14mJ/mm 2 and 10Hz. That was repeated 4 days later. The injured muscle was sampled on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day after modeling. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to observe the arrangement of muscle fibers, and the expressions of myostatin, myogenic differentiation antigen 1 (MYOD1), IGF-1 and p-AKTs473 were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results:(1) The staining showed that in the model group the space between the muscle cells was larger than in the normal group. In the treatment group there were more newly-formed mononuclear or multinucleated muscle tubes. The regeneration of skeletal muscle in the treatment group was superior to that in the model group at the same time points. (2) The average myostatin expression of the model group increased significantly compared with the normal group at all the time points, while that of the treatment group had decreased significantly compared with the model group. Moreover, no significant differences were found on the 7th day between the treatment and normal groups. (3) Western blotting showed that the expression of MyoD1 in the model group was significantly higher than that in the normal group on days 1 and 3, and the expression of MyoD1 in the treatment group was significantly higher than in the model group. The expression levels of IGF-1 and P-AKTS473 in the model group were higher than those in the normal group at the same time point, and the expression levels in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the model group.Conclusion:Extracorporeal shock wave therapy can promote the regeneration and repair of skeletal muscle by regulating IGF-1 and p-AKT levels.

El Valor Agregado de la Realidad Virtual en Tratamientos de Rehabilitación Muscular. Revisión de Literatura / The Added Value of Virtual Reality in Muscle Rehabilitation Treatments. A Literature Review / O Valor Agregado da Realidade Virtual nos Tratamentos de Reabilitação Muscular. Revisão de Literatura

Resumen La realidad virtual (RV) constituye una herramienta alternativa para la rehabilitación de distintas lesiones del cuerpo humano. Este artículo identifica los principales aportes de la RV en tratamientos de rehabilitación muscular reportados en la literatura. Según las investigaciones analizadas, se evidenció que, a diferencia de los tratamientos convencionales para la rehabilitación muscular, los realizados con RV incrementaron el nivel de motivación de los pacientes para culminar con éxito, gracias al ambiente interactivo que la RV ofrece. Así mismo, de acuerdo con los estudios revisados, los pacientes manifestaron disminución de dolor durante y después de las terapias.

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) is an alternative tool for the rehabilitation of various injuries of the human body. This paper identified the main contributions of RV in muscle rehabilitation treatments reported in the literature. According to the analyzed research, it was shown that, unlike conventional treatments for muscle rehabilitation, those performed with RV increased the level of motivation of patients to successfully complete them, thanks to the interactive environment that VR offers. Likewise, according to the reviewed studies, the patients manifested decreased pain during and after therapies.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, a realidade virtual (VR) se estabeleceu como uma ferramenta alternativa para a reabilitação das diferentes lesões que o corpo humano pode sofrer. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática é identificar as principais contribuições evidenciadas em pesquisas anteriores sobre o assunto, que serviram de base para a formulação deste artigo. Para avaliação da literatura, foi realizada uma consulta preliminar nas principais bases de dados, a partir da qual foram obtidos resultados que permitiram dimensionar a contribuição do VD na recuperação de lesões musculares. De acordo com a amostra, ficou evidente que, diferentemente dos tratamentos convencionais para reabilitação muscular, aqueles realizados com o VD aumentavam o nível de motivação dos pacientes para concluir com sucesso o tratamento, portanto a adesão a todas as terapias era mais alto, isso graças ao ambiente interativo que o RV consegue oferecer. Por outro lado, de acordo com os estudos revisados, os pacientes manifestaram diminuição da dor durante e após a realização de diferentes terapias implementadas em cada investigação.

Effect and mechanism of muscle injury on liver lipid metabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mice / 中国药科大学学报

@#Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a serious progressive muscular dystrophy.Reports in recent years about abnormal lipid in DMD patients have increased, yet little attention has been paid to liver lipid.This study aimed to explore the effect of dystrophin gene defect on liver lipid synthesis.7-week-old mdx male mice were used as DMD model.The conditions of liver function, liver lipid accumulation and liver lipid synthesis were determined through liver tissue morphological examination, blood biochemical examination, and detection of hepatic gene and protein expression.The results showed that lipid droplets in liver of mdx mice increased significantly.The contents of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum increased.The gene and protein expression of hepatic lipid synthesis-related enzymes such as fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1-c were up-regulated.These results showed accumulation of liver lipid in 7-week-old mdx male mice.

Resveratrol repairs skeletal muscle injury by up-regulating basic fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: In recent years, resveratrol has been studied a lot on the inhibition of tissue fibrosis, but the effect of resveratrol on the rehabilitation of muscle injury has been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) protein in the repair of acute blunt trauma of the skeletal muscle, and to explore the mechanism by which resveratrol promotes the structural and functional recovery of damaged skeletal muscle. METHODS: Thirty-three New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: Normal group (n=3), natural recovery group (n=15) and resveratrol group (n=15). The skeletal muscle contusion model was established by blunt violence except for the normal group. The natural recovery group was not treated and the resveratrol group was intragastrically given resveratrol after injury. The animals were euthanized at 1, 3, 7,14, and 21 days after injury. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and formation of collagen fibers were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining. The expression of bFGF and IGF-1 protein in the skeletal muscle was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining results: In the normal group, the muscle fibers were presented with polygons, regular shape, tight arrangement, muscle nucleus evenly distributed under the sarcolemma, no hyperplasia and pyknosis, and sarcolemma intact. In the injury groups, blood cells were exuded at 1 day, and inflammatory cells infiltrated at 3 days, which reached the maximum at 7 days. The morphology of muscle fibers returned to normal at 21 days after injury. The resveratrol group was better than the natural recovery group in terms of inflammatory cell infiltration and repair time. (2) Masson staining results: There were few collagen fibers in normal muscle cells. After injury, the number of collagen fibers increased with the formation of scar tissue, and reached a peak at 14 days. The content of collagen fibers in the resveratrol group was lower than that in the natural recovery group. (3) Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting results: The expression of bFGF and IGF-1 protein first increased and then decreased after injury. In both groups, the expression of bFGF and IGF-1 protein reached the peak at 7 days and was still at a high level at 21 days. The resveratrol group had significantly higher bFGF and IGF-1 levels than the natural recovery group (P<0.05). Overall, resveratrol can effectively accelerate the histological healing process and improve the healing quality of rabbit skeletal muscle after blunt trauma. Resveratrol significantly promotes the repair of damaged skeletal muscle by up-regulating bFGF and IGF-1 expression, but not altering the overall change of protein expression during skeletal muscle injury repair.

Collagen I and III ratios and tenacity of rats muscle injured and treated with platelet-rich plasma / Relaciones de colágeno I y III y tenacidad del músculo de rata lesionado y tratado con plasma rico en plaquetas

SUMMARY: Severe muscle injuries are common in accidents and have a delayed recovery of muscle integrity. In these cases, muscle suture surgery is the standard treatment. However, Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), has been widely used in orthopedic injuries due to its growth factors. Thus, the objective of the study will be to analyze the association of suture and PRP techniques in the collagen and tenacity of the injured muscle. Were used seventy rats, divided into five groups: control (C), injury control (CI), injury and suture (IS), injury and PRP (IP), injury, suture, and PRP (ISP). Were sectioned approximately 50 % of the width and 100 % of the thickness of the gastrocnemius muscle. The homologous PRP was applied 24h after the injury. On the 7th day after the injury, the animals were euthanized and their muscles subjected to mechanical testing to measure tenacity or collagen analysis to calculate the ratio between type I and III collagen. The results show a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the values of the relationship between collagens in all injured groups (CI, IS, IP, ISP) compared to group C. In injured groups, the tenacity was significantly (p <0.05) reduced compared to the control group, with no observed difference between treatments and injured groups. The amount of collagen in the injured area has increased, but it did not affect the tenacity of the muscles, which was reduced.

RESUMEN: Las lesiones musculares graves son comunes durante los accidentes y la integridad del músculo está sujeta a una larga recuperación. En esos casos la cirugía, para la sutura del músculo, es el tratamiento común, no obstante el plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) ha sido utilizado recientemente en lesiones ortopédicas, debido a sus factores del crecimiento. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asociación de las técnicas de sutura y PRP en la histología y tenacidad de músculo lesionado. Fueron utilizadas 70 ratas distribuidas en cinco grupos: control (C), control lesión (CL), lesión y sutura (LS), lesión y PRP (LPRP), lesión, sutura y PRP (LSPRP). Aproximadamente en la lesión, el 50 % de la longitud y el 100 % del espesor del músculo gastrocnemio fueron seccionados. El PRP homólogo fue aplicado 24 horas después de la lesión. En el 7º día después de la lesión los animales fueron eutanasiados y las muestras fueran sometidas al ensayo mecánico para la medición de la tenacidad y análisis del colágeno, para realizar el cálculo de la relación entre los colágenos I y III. Los resultados demostraron una reducción significativa (p<0,05) en los valores de la relación entre los colágenos en todos los grupos lesionados en relación al grupo C. La tenacidad fue (p<0,05) reducida significativamente en los grupos lesionados en relación al grupo control, sin diferencia entre los tratados. En la lesión muscular hubo disminución de los valores de colágeno, aunque en los tratamientos se observó elevación de la cantidad de colágeno en la área lesionada, esta no tuvo efecto en la tenacidad de los músculos que fue disminuida en la lesión.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Omega-3 Fish Oil Accelerates MyoD and Myogenin Expressions Following Rat Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury Model in a Dose-Dependent Manner

@#Introduction: Exercise-induced muscle injury stimulates production of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, resulting in impaired satellite-cell-dependent muscle regeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids emerge to possess anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to analyze the effect of omega-3 fish oil administration on the levels of TNF-α, MyoD and myogenin expressions of satellite cells after injury. Methods: Twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups. Except for control groups, the rats underwent single bout of downhill running exercise and three groups were given low-to-high doses of omega-3 fish oil administration 2 hours after exercise. Blood samples were collected after 24 hours to measure the concentration of TNF-α using ELISA and then the soleus muscles were surgically removed after 72 hours to measure mRNA expressions of MyoD and myogenin using RT-PCR. Results: The results showed lower serum levels of TNF-α (166.83 ± 16.15 vs. 132.83 ± 25.44, 125.00 ± 17.26, 99.66 ± 32.00 pg/mL) and higher expressions of MyoD (0.47 ± 0.19 vs. 0.64 ± 0.20, 1.17 ± 0.16, 1.07 ± 0.14) and myogenin (0.45 ± 0.10 vs. 1.82 ± 0.35, 1.50 ± 0.34, 0.76 ± 0.20) in groups given low-to-high doses of omega-3 fish oil supplementation, respectively, compared to exercise group with no supplement at 72 hours after exercise. Conclusion: Our study suggests that omega-3 fish oil supplementation following muscle injury may accelerate myogenin expression and a low dose of supplementation achieves optimal effect in promoting muscle regeneration. .

Effect of Early Treadmill Exercise and Massage on Activative Factors of Muscle Satellite Cells after Acute Injury of Skeletal Muscle in Rats / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To study the effect of treadmill exercise and massage shortly after acute injury on expression of key growth factor in muscle satellite cells activation, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) / mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) / extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2 signaling pathways in muscle satellite cell in rats. Methods:A total of 40 SPF male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups A (n = 8), B (n = 8), C (n = 8), D (n = 8) and E (n = 8). Group A did not receive any treatment, while the other rats were contused the gastrocnemius muscle with self-made impactor. Group B received no intervention, groups C and D received massage and treadmill exercise shortly after injury, respectively, while group E received both treadmill exercise and massage shortly after injury. As the model was established, samples of gastrocnemius were obtained from all the rats 24 hours after injury, and observed under HE staining, detected the expression of MyoD1 and MyoG mRNA with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expression of IGF-1, p-MAPK, p-MEK and p-ERKI/2 protein with Western blotting. Results:The expression of MyoD1 mRNA was more in groups C, D and E than in group B, which was the most in group C; less expression of MyoG mRNA, which was the most in group E (P < 0.05). The expression of p-MAPK, p-MEK and p-EPK1/2 was more in groups C, D and E than in group B, which was the most in group D (P < 0.05). The expression of IGF-1 increased in group C compared with that in group B (P < 0.05), and it decreased in group D (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Early intervention of treadmill exercise and massage may promote the activation of muscle satellite cells in different ways.

Research advances in the pathogenesis and diagnosis/treatment of muscle injury after treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 临床肝胆病杂志

With the wide application of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) in antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the side effects of NAs after long-term use have attracted more and more attention from clinicians and patients. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported muscle injury in CHB patients treated with NAs, and we have gained a deeper understanding of the incidence rate, pathogenesis, and treatment of muscle injury. This article reviews the incidence rate, related factors, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, management, and prevention and treatment of muscle injury associated with NAs.

Research advances in the pathogenesis and diagnosis/treatment of muscle injury after treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 临床肝胆病杂志

With the wide application of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) in antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the side effects of NAs after long-term use have attracted more and more attention from clinicians and patients. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported muscle injury in CHB patients treated with NAs, and we have gained a deeper understanding of the incidence rate, pathogenesis, and treatment of muscle injury. This article reviews the incidence rate, related factors, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, management, and prevention and treatment of muscle injury associated with NAs.

Progresses of pelvic floor ultrasound in assessing levator ani muscle injury in postpartum women / 中国医学影像技术

The levator ani muscle is the most important component of the pelvic floor support system, and levator ani muscle injury (LAMI) is a leading cause of female pelvic floor dysfunction (FPFD). Early diagnosis of changes of levator ani muscle structure and function in postpartum women is vital in preventing the occurrence of FPFD. Progresses of pelvic floor ultrasound in assessment of levator ani muscle injury in postpartum women were reviewed in this article.

Suplementação De Ômega-3 Em Praticante De Exercício Físico Intenso / Supplementation Of Ômega-3 In Practice Of Intense Physical Exercise

Objetivo: analisar pesquisas acerca da suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 (AGPI-n3) em praticantes de exercícios físicos intensos (EFI). Método: Para a realização do estudo, foram consultados artigos disponíveis nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas: Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs, Revistas Científicas. Os estudos dos artigos consultados foram realizados em indivíduos adultos. Resultados: Foram identificados os artigos que se enquadravam no quadro de exigências de acordo com o objetivo desta revisão. Foram selecionados 10 artigos (n=10), de modo a investigar os itens de maior relevância, que foram: referência, revista, teste físico, grupo avaliado (número e gênero), quantidade de tempo e de suplementação e principais resultados. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciaram que a suplementação com AGPI-n3 pode prevenir doenças cardíacas, alterar o metabolismo lipídico, suprimir marcadores inflamatórios em exercícios de resistência, melhorar a função pulmonar durante exercícios, aumentar a quantidade de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e docosahexaenóico (DHA) no sangue.

Objective: to analyze the research on supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-n3) in intense physical exercise practitioners (EFI). Methods: For the accomplishment of the study, articles were available in the following electronic databases: Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs, Scientific Journals. The articles were consulted in adults. Results: The articles that fit the requirements framework were identified according to the purpose of this review. Ten articles (n = 10) were selected, in order to investigate the most relevant items, which were: reference, journal, physical test, group evaluated (number and gender), amount of time and supplementation, and main results. Conclusion: The results showed that supplementation with PUFA-n3 can prevent heart disease, alter lipid metabolism, suppress inflammatory markers in endurance exercises, improve pulmonary function during exercise, increase the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA ) in the blood

Lesiones musculares deportivas: correlación entre anatomía y estudio por imágenes / Muscle injuries in sports: imaging study

Un gran segmento de la población participa en actividades deportivas. Las lesiones musculares corresponden a aproximadamente un tercio de las lesiones deportivas. Las demandas recreacionales y profesionales de la sociedad moderna exigen un diagnóstico precoz y preciso, para un adecuado tratamiento y seguimiento, dadas las implicancias económicas y mediáticas, especialmente en deportistas de elite. La imagenología tiene un rol fundamental en la evaluación de estas lesiones. Permite evaluar localización, extensión, severidad y estimar pronóstico, así como también el seguimiento para determinar el retorno deportivo. En este artículo se revisa la anatomía microscópica y macroscópica muscular, la fisiología, los tipos de lesiones y su representación en imágenes, tanto en ultrasonido (US), como en resonancia magnética (RM). Se mencionan distintas clasificaciones descritas en la literatura y se propone una nueva nomenclatura y descripción, basada principalmente en la anatomía muscular, la localización y cuantificación de las lesiones.

A large segment of the population participates in sporting activities. Muscle injuries account for approximately one-third of the injuries. The recreational and professional demands of modern society require an early and precise diagnosis of these, for an adequate treatment and follow-up, given the economic and media implications, especially in elite athletes1. Imaging plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of these lesions. It allows evaluation location, extent, severity and estimations of prognosis, as well as the follow-up to determine the return to sport. This article reviews the microscopic and macroscopic muscle anatomy, the physiology, types of lesions and their representation in images, both in ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MRI). Different classifications described in the literature are mentioned and a nomenclature and description is proposed, based mainly on the muscle anatomy, localization and type of injury.

Response of macrophages in rat skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Macrophages are known to be important for healing numerous injured tissues depending on their functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli. The objective of this study was to reveal macrophage phenotypic changes involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and regeneration.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats experienced one session of downhill running (16° decline, 16 m/min) for 90 min. After exercise the blood and soleus muscles were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w after exercise, separately.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was showed that CD68 M1 macrophages mainly infiltrated into muscle necrotic sites at 1-3 d, while CD163 M2 macrophages were present in muscles from 0 h to 2 weeks after exercise. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed activated satellite cells 1 d after exercise. Th1-associated transcripts of iNOS and Ccl2 were inhibited post exercise, while COX-2 mRNA was dramatically increased 12 h after running (p < 0.01). M2 phenotype marker Arg-1 increased 12 h and 3 d (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) after exercise, and Clec10a and Mrc2 were up-regulated in muscles 12 h following exercise (p < 0.05, p < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The data demonstrate the dynamic patterns of macrophage phenotype in skeletal muscle upon eccentric exercise stimuli, and M1 and M2 phenotypes perform different functions during exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and recovery.</p>

The effects of full marathon on hemodynamics related to cardiac electrophysiology of marathon amateurs / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To observe and assess the effects of full marathon on hemodynamics and cardiac electrophysiology of marathon amateurs without adverse event after the race.Methods Fiftyone subjects were included in the final analysis of the study,blood pressure,heart rate,body surface electrocardiogram (ECG) of all subjects under static status before the race and within (15-30) min after the race were detected,and sufficient amounts of the peripheral blood and the radial arterial blood specimens of all subjects under static status before the race and within (15-30) min after the race were collected instantly.The peripheral blood was used for measuring markers of muscle injury and NT-proBNP,and the radial arterial blood was taken for blood gas analysis.The QTc interval,QRS,PR interval,and QTd interval were recorded from the 12-lead ECG report.Results Compared with those under static status before the race,the systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate of all the subjects within (15-30) min after the race were significantly higher (P＜0.05).When the markers of striated muscle injury were compared before and after the competition,levels of CK,cTNI,LDH,and myoglobin after the race were significantly increased compared with them under static status before the race (P ＜0.05),and the level of NT-proBNP after the race was also significantly increased compared with it before the race (P＜0.05).When blood gas analysis before the race was compared with that after the race,the PH values after race were significantly lower than it before race (P＜0.05).The level of lactic acid after the race was significantly higher than it before race (P＜0.05).After the race,the levels of PCO2,SBE and HCO3-decreased significantly compared with those before race (P＜0.05),and the QTc and QTd intervals after the race increased significantly compared with those before the race,however,the QTc interval and QTd interval for all subjects before and after the competition were within the normal range.Conclusions Full marathon significantly affect the myocardial electrophysiological markers of healthy amateur athletes without chronic diseases,but those markers fluctuate within the normal range.

Effect of Shenqi Fufang(参芪复方)on Pathological Morphology and Serum Inflammatory Factors of Gastrocnemius in Type 2 Diabetic Rats / 中医杂志

Objective To explore the effect of Shenqi Fufang (参芪复方,SF) on skeletal muscle damage of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its possible mechanism.Methods Eighteen rats with spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus (GK) were randomized into the model group,SF group and sitagliptin group with six rats in each group,and six more Wistar rats were selected as the control group.Each group was given high fat diet for 8 weeks to build T2DM model except for the control group.At the same time,the control group and the model group were given normal saline 5 ml/(kg-d) by gastric perfusion,the SF group was given SF extract 1.44g/(kg · d) by gastric perfusion,and sitagliptin group was given sitagliptin phosphate suspension 16ml/(kg · d) by gastric perfusion.Eight weeks later,the levels of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),tumor necrosis factor-αr (TNF-a) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)were measured in each group,the gastrocnemius muscle was taken out to get the wet weight and observe the pathological changes,and the expression of p70s6k1 protein was detected.Results Compared with the control group,the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle,the serum IGF-1 level and p70s6k1 protein expression in the model group significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05),while the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05).Through pathological observation,there existed gastrocnemius muscle cells atrophy,a larger area of edema and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration.Compared with the model group,the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle,IGF-1 content and p70s6k protein expression in the sitagliptin group and the SF group significantly increased,the contents of TNF-α and IL-l β significantly decreased (P ＜0.05),and there were no obvious muscle cell atrophy and edema,and also little inflammatory cell infiltration.There was no significant difference between the sitagliptin group and SF group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion SF could reduce the diabetic skeletal muscle injury;the potential mechanism seems to reduce the inflammatory factor content,improve IGF-1 resistance and maintain the skeletal muscle mass.

Feasibility study of MR T2-mapping for evaluating birth-related levator ani muscle injury / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate MR T2-mapping in evaluating birth-related levator ani muscle injury.Methods 25 primiparas at 6 weeks after first vaginal delivery as primiparous group and 12 nulliparous volunteers as control group were prospectively studied. All the subjects underwent pelvic MRI including T2-mapping,mDIXON-T2 WI sequences.Levator ani muscle were divided into two subgroups:levator ani muscle injury group and non-injury group according to if there were edema,avulsion,or rupture in each levator ani muscle subdivisions[puborectal muscle(PRM);iliococcygeal muscle(ICM)],which were showed on mDIXON-T2 WI images.Two radiologists evaluated T2 values of PRM,ICM and observed artificial color images respectively.The consistency between two observers for T2 values of PRM,ICM were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC ),the difference of T2 values in each levator ani muscle subdivisions among control group,non-injury group and muscle injury group were analyzed using ANOVA .Results There were 26 PRM injury cases and 24 non-injury cases in primiparous group on mDIXON-T2 WI images,and no ICM injured cases in our study.Inter-rater reliability for T2 values between two observers were good(ICC >0.75).T2 values in PRM injury group,non-injury group and control group were(62.78±1.23)ms,(49.75±3.17)ms,(49.96±4.37)ms respectively and the difference was significant. There were significant difference between PRM injury group and non-injury group,control group respectively(P =0.000,P =0.000). The T2 values of ICM in PRM injury group,non-injury group and control group were(70.80±6.50)ms,(62.41±7.32)ms,(62.78±6.91)ms and there were significant difference(P =0.000),meanwhile the difference between PRM injury group and non-injury group,control group were significant respectively(P =0.000,P =0.000).The color gradation of PRM in PRM injury group were mixed with blue, green,and yellow,and tone were lightened on T2-mapping artificial color images;ICM color gradation were uneven with green and yellow, a d tone were higher than those of control group and non-injurygroup.Conclusion T2-mapping can quantitatively assess birth-related levator ani muscle injury and T2-mapping artificial color images show the range and degree of levator ani muscle injury visually.It is hopeful to find micro lesions that T2 WI images are difficult to find.

Feasibility study of MR T2-mapping for evaluating birth-related levator ani muscle injury / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate MR T2-mapping in evaluating birth-related levator ani muscle injury.Methods 25 primiparas at 6 weeks after first vaginal delivery as primiparous group and 12 nulliparous volunteers as control group were prospectively studied. All the subjects underwent pelvic MRI including T2-mapping,mDIXON-T2 WI sequences.Levator ani muscle were divided into two subgroups:levator ani muscle injury group and non-injury group according to if there were edema,avulsion,or rupture in each levator ani muscle subdivisions[puborectal muscle(PRM);iliococcygeal muscle(ICM)],which were showed on mDIXON-T2 WI images.Two radiologists evaluated T2 values of PRM,ICM and observed artificial color images respectively.The consistency between two observers for T2 values of PRM,ICM were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC ),the difference of T2 values in each levator ani muscle subdivisions among control group,non-injury group and muscle injury group were analyzed using ANOVA .Results There were 26 PRM injury cases and 24 non-injury cases in primiparous group on mDIXON-T2 WI images,and no ICM injured cases in our study.Inter-rater reliability for T2 values between two observers were good(ICC >0.75).T2 values in PRM injury group,non-injury group and control group were(62.78±1.23)ms,(49.75±3.17)ms,(49.96±4.37)ms respectively and the difference was significant. There were significant difference between PRM injury group and non-injury group,control group respectively(P =0.000,P =0.000). The T2 values of ICM in PRM injury group,non-injury group and control group were(70.80±6.50)ms,(62.41±7.32)ms,(62.78±6.91)ms and there were significant difference(P =0.000),meanwhile the difference between PRM injury group and non-injury group,control group were significant respectively(P =0.000,P =0.000).The color gradation of PRM in PRM injury group were mixed with blue, green,and yellow,and tone were lightened on T2-mapping artificial color images;ICM color gradation were uneven with green and yellow, a d tone were higher than those of control group and non-injurygroup.Conclusion T2-mapping can quantitatively assess birth-related levator ani muscle injury and T2-mapping artificial color images show the range and degree of levator ani muscle injury visually.It is hopeful to find micro lesions that T2 WI images are difficult to find.

Effects of electroacupuncture at "Weizhong" (BL 40) on morphology and expression of CK and IL-17 in rats with bupivacaine-induced multifidus muscle injury / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Weizhong" (BL 40) on morphology and expression of creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in rats with bupivacaine-induced multifidus muscle injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 32 male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a Weizhong group and a Shenshu group, 8 rats in each one. The rats in the model group, Weizhong group and Shenshu group were treated with intramuscular injection of 0.5% bupivacaine to establish the model of multifidus muscle injury; the rats in the control group were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The rats in the Weizhong group and Shenshu group were treated with EA (2 Hz/10 Hz in frequency, 1~2 mA in intensity) at "Weizhong" (BL 40) and "Shenshu" (BL 23), 20 min per treatment. No treatment was given in the control group and model group. After 14-day treatment of EA, the inflammatory cell count, scar tissues area and muscle fiber cross sectional area of multifidus muscle were observed with HE and Masson staining method. The activity of CK and serum content of IL-17 were test with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method; the expression of IL-17 in multifidus muscle was measured with immunohistochcmical method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After intervention, the inflammatory cell count and scar tissues area in the model group, Weizhong group and Shenshu group were higher than those in the control group (all<0.01), but the muscle fiber cross sectional area was significantly reduced (all<0.01); the inflammatory cell count and scar tissues area in the Weizhong group and Shenshu group were lower than those in the model group (all<0.01), and the muscle fiber cross sectional area was significantly increased (<0.01,<0.05). After intervention, the expression of IL-17 in multifidus muscle, serum content of IL-7 and activity of CK in the model group, Weizhong group and Shenshu group were higher than those in the control group (all<0.01); the expression of IL-17 in multifidus muscle, serum content of IL-7 and activity of CK in the Weizhong group and Shenshu group were lower than those in the model group (<0.01,<0.05); compared with the Shenshu group, the down-regulation of IL-17 was more obvisous in the Weizhong group (<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EA at "Weizhong" (BL 40) can down-regulate the overexpression of serum CK and IL-17, alleviate inflammation reaction and improve the repair of multifidus muscle.</p>